util  Diff

--      SSD  Social Sciences Directorate
--       ELS External Linguistics Subdirectorate
--    +WSO   Worlds Security Overdirectorate
--      EID  External Influence Directorate ]

local function implies(a,b) return a==b or not(a) end

















































local ansi = {
	levels = {
		plain = 0;
		ansi = 1;
		color = 2;
		color8b = 3;
		color24b = 4;
	};
}

ansi.seqs = {
	br = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[1m", "[21m"};
	hl = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[7m", "[27m"};
	ul = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[4m", "[24m"};
	em = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[3m", "[23m"};
};

function ansi.termclass(fd) -- awkwardly emulate isatty
	if fd:seek('cur',0) then
................................................................................
	if cl == ansi.levels.color24b then
		function f.rgb(str, r,g,b, bg)
			return string.format("\27[%c8;2;%u;%u;%um", bg and 0x34 or 0x33,
				ftoi(r,g,b)) .. str .. reset
		end
	elseif cl == ansi.levels.color8b then
		function f.rgb(str, r,g,b, bg)
			local code = 16 + (r * 5)*36 + (g * 5)*6 + (b * 6)
			return string.format("\27[%c8;5;%um", bg and 0x34 or 0x33, code)
				.. str .. reset
		end
	elseif cl == ansi.levels.color then
		function f.rgb(str, r,g,b, bg)
			local code = 0x30 + 1 -- TODO
			return string.format("\27[%c%cm", bg and 0x34 or 0x33, code)
................................................................................
	return f
end


local function dump(v,pfx,cyc,ismeta)
	pfx = pfx or ''
	cyc = cyc or {}
	local np = pfx .. '  '

	if type(v) == 'table' then
		if cyc[v] then return '<...>' else cyc[v] = true end
	end

	if type(v) == 'string' then
		return string.format('%q', v)
................................................................................
		local meta = ''
		if getmetatable(v) then
			meta = dump(getmetatable(v),pfx,cyc,true) .. '::'
		end
		if ismeta then
			return string.format('%s<|\n%s%s|>',meta,str,pfx)
		else
			return meta..'{\n' .. str .. pfx .. '}\n'
		end
	else
		return string.format('%s', v)
	end
end

local struct = {
................................................................................
fmt.string = qpack "s4"
fmt.label = qpack "s2"
fmt.tag = qpack "s1"
fmt.u8 = qpack "I1"
fmt.u16 = qpack "I2"
fmt.u24 = qpack "I3"
fmt.u32 = qpack "I4"



































fmt.list = function(t,ty) ty = ty or fmt.u32
	return {
		encode = function(a)
			local vals = {marshal(ty, #a)}
			for i=1,#a do
				table.insert(vals, marshal(t, a[i]))
			end
................................................................................
			local m = {}
			for _,p in pairs(lst) do m[p.key] = p.val end
			return m
		end;
	}
end

fmt.form = {
	{'form', fmt.u16};
	{'text', fmt.label};













}


fmt.note = {
	{'kind', fmt.tag};
	{'paras', fmt.list(fmt.string)};
}





fmt.meaning = {
	{'lit', fmt.string};

	{'notes', fmt.list(fmt.note,fmt.u8)};
}







fmt.def = {
	{'part', fmt.u8};
	{'branch', fmt.list(fmt.label,fmt.u8)};
	{'means', fmt.list(fmt.meaning,fmt.u8)};

	{'forms', fmt.list(fmt.form,fmt.u16)};
}

fmt.word = {
	{'defs', fmt.list(fmt.def,fmt.u8)};
}

fmt.dictHeader = {
	{'lang', fmt.tag};
	{'meta', fmt.string};
	{'partsOfSpeech', fmt.list(fmt.tag,fmt.u16)};








}

fmt.synonymSet = {
	{'uid', fmt.u32};
		-- IDs are persistent random values so they can be used
		-- as reliable identifiers even when merging exports in
		-- a parvan-unaware VCS
	{'members', fmt.list({
		{'word', fmt.label}, {'def', fmt.u8};
	},fmt.u16)};
}

fmt.dict = {
	{'header', fmt.dictHeader};
	{'words', fmt.map(fmt.string,fmt.word)};
	{'synonyms', fmt.list(fmt.synonymSet)};
}

function marshal(ty, val)
	if ty.encode then
		return ty.encode(val)
	end
	local ac = {}

	for idx,fld in ipairs(ty) do
		local name, fty = table.unpack(fld)
		table.insert(ac, marshal(fty, assert(val[name])))




	end

	return table.concat(ac)
end

function parse(ty, stream)
	if ty.decode then
................................................................................
		if map[v] then return map[v] else
			map[v] = i
			i=i+1
			return i-1
		end
	end, map
end
















local function
writeDict(d)
	local atomizePoS, posMap = atomizer()
	for lit,w in pairs(d.words) do
		for j,def in ipairs(w.defs) do
			def.part = atomizePoS(def.part)
................................................................................
	local d = parse(fmt.dict, s)
	-- handle atoms
	for lit,w in pairs(d.words) do
		for j,def in ipairs(w.defs) do
			def.part = d.header.partsOfSpeech[def.part]
		end
	end





	return d
end


local function strwords(str) -- here be dragons
	local wds = {}
	local w = {}
	local state, d, quo, dquo = 0,0
	local function flush(n)
		if next(w) then
			table.insert(wds, utf8.char(table.unpack(w)))
			w = {}


		end
		state = n
		quo = nil
		dquo = nil
		d = 0
	end
	local function isws(c)
................................................................................
				table.insert(w,0x0a)
			else
				table.insert(w,cp)
			end
			state = state - 10
		end
	end
	flush()
	return wds
end

local predicates
local function parsefilter(str)
	local f = strwords(str)
	if #f == 1 then return function(e) return predicates.lit.fn(e,f[1]) end end
................................................................................

local function copy(tab)
	local new = {}
	for k,v in pairs(tab) do new[k] = v end
	return new
end

local function parsePath(p)
	local w,dn,mn,nn = p:match('^(.+)@([0-9]+)/([0-9]+):([0-9]+)$')
















	if not w then w,dn,mn = p:match('^(.+)@([0-9]+)/([0-9]+)$') end
	if not w then w,dn = p:match('^(.+)@([0-9]+)$') end











	if not w then w=p:match('^(.-)%.?$') end
	return {w = w, dn = tonumber(dn), mn = tonumber(mn), nn = tonumber(nn)}






























































































end

local cmds = {
	create = {
		help = "initialize a new dictionary file";
		syntax = "<lang>";
		raw = true;
................................................................................
			end
			local fd = safeopen(ctx.file,"wb")
			local new = {
				header = {
					lang = lang;
					meta = "";
					partsOfSpeech = {};
					branch = {};
				};
				words = {};
				synonyms = {};
			}
			local o = writeDict(new);
			fd:write(o)
			fd:close()
		end;
	};
	coin = {
................................................................................
			if not ctx.dict.words[word] then
				ctx.dict.words[word] = {defs={}}
			end
			local n = #(ctx.dict.words[word].defs)+1
			ctx.dict.words[word].defs[n] = {
				part = part;
				branch = etym;
				means = {means and {lit=means,notes={}} or nil};




				forms = {};
			}
			ctx.log('info', string.format('added definition #%u to “%s”', n, word))
		end;
	};
	mean = {
		help = "add a meaning to a definition";
		syntax = "<word> <def#> <meaning>";
		write = true;
		exec = function(ctx,word,dn,m)
			local _,d = safeNavWord(ctx,word,dn)
			table.insert(d.means, {lit=m,notes={}})
		end;
	};
	syn = {
		help = "manage synonym groups";
		syntax = {
			"(show|purge) <path>";
			"(link|drop) <word> <group#> <path>…";
			"new <path> <path>…";
			"clear <word> [<group#>]";

		};
		write = true;
		exec = function(ctx, op, tgtw, ...)


			local groups = {}
			local wp = parsePath(tgtw)
			local w,d = safeNavWord(ctx, wp.w, wp.dn)
			if not (op=='new' or op=='link' or op=='drop' or op=='clear' or op=='show' or op=='purge') then
				id10t('invalid operation “%s” for `syn`', op)
			end
			if op == 'new' then




				local links = {{word = wp.w, def = wp.dn or 1}}
				for i,l in ipairs{...} do
					local parsed = parsePath(l)
					links[i+1] = {word = parsed.w, def = parsed.dn or 1}

				end
				table.insert(ctx.dict.synonyms, {

					uid=math.random(0,0xffffFFFF);
					members=links;
				})










			else -- assemble a list of groups



				for i,ss in ipairs(ctx.dict.synonyms) do
					for j,s in ipairs(ss.members) do

						if s.word == wp.w and (wp.dn == nil or s.def == wp.dn) then
							table.insert(groups, {set = ss, mem = s})
							break
						end
					end
				end

				if op == 'show' then
					for i, g in ipairs(groups) do
						local w,d = safeNavWord(ctx, g.mem.word, g.mem.def)
						local function label(wd,defn)






							local fulldef = {}
							for i,v in ipairs(defn.means) do
								fulldef[i] = v.lit
							end
							fulldef = table.concat(fulldef, '; ')
							return string.format("%s(%s): %s",wd,defn.part,fulldef)
						end





						local others = {}
						for j, o in ipairs(g.set.members) do
							if not (o.word == g.mem.word and o.def == (wp.dn or 1)) then
								local ow, od = safeNavWord(ctx, o.word,o.def)




								table.insert(others, '      '..label(o.word,od))
							end
						end














						io.stdout:write(string.format("% 4u) %s\n%s", i, label(g.mem.word,d),table.concat(others,'\n')))
					end

				elseif op == 'link' or op == 'drop' then
					local tgtn, paths = (...), { select(2, ...) }



















				end
			end
		end;
	};
	mod = {
		help = "move, merge, split, or delete words or definitions";
		syntax = {
................................................................................
	note = {
		help = "add a note to a definition or a paragraph to a note";
		syntax = {"(<m-path> (add|for) <kind> | <m-path>:<note#>) <para>…";
			"m-path ::= <word>@<def#>/<meaning#>"};
		write = true;
		exec = function(ctx,path,...)
			local paras, mng
			local dest = parsePath(path)
			local _,_,m = safeNavWord(ctx,dest.w,dest.dn,dest.mn)
			if dest.nn then
				paras = {...}
			else
				local op, kind = ...
				paras = { select(3, ...) }
				if op == 'add' then
................................................................................
	predicates = {
		help = "show available filter predicates";
		nofile = true;
		syntax = "[<predicate>]";
	};
	export = {
		help = "create a text file dump compatible with source control";







	};
	dump = {
		exec = function(ctx) print(dump(ctx.dict)) end
	};
	ls = {
		help = "list all words that meet any given <filter>";
		syntax = {"[<filter>…]";
................................................................................
	local list = predicates
	if pred then list = {predicates[pred]} end
	local f = ctx.sty[io.stderr]
	for k,p in pairs(predicates) do
		if p.help then
			io.stderr:write(
				f.br('  - ' ..
					f.rgb('[',.8,.3,1) ..
					k .. ' ' ..
					(f.color(p.syntax,5) or '…') ..
					f.rgb(']',.8,.3,1)) .. ': ' ..
				f.color(p.help,4,true) .. '\n')
		end
	end
end

function cmds.ls.exec(ctx,...)
	local filter = nil
................................................................................
		local e = {lit=lit, word=w}
		if filter == nil or filter(e) then
			table.insert(out, e)
		end
	end
	table.sort(out, function(a,b) return a.lit < b.lit end)
	local fo = ctx.sty[io.stdout]




































































	local function meanings(d,md,n)
		local start = md and 2 or 1
		local part = string.format('(%s)', d.part)
		local pad = md and string.rep(' ', #part) or ''
		local function note(n,insert)
			if not next(n.paras) then return end
			local pad = string.rep(' ',#(n.kind) + 9)
			insert('      ' .. fo.hl(' ' .. n.kind .. ' ') .. ' ' .. n.paras[1])
			for i=2,#n.paras do
				insert(pad..n.paras[2])
			end
		end
		local m = { (function()
			if d.means[1] then
				if md then return
					string.format("  %s 1. %s", fo.em(part), d.means[1].lit)




				end
			else return
				fo.em(string.format('  %s [empty definition #%u]', part,n))
			end
		end)() }

		for i=start,#d.means do local v = d.means[i]


			table.insert(m, string.format('  %s %u. %s', pad, i, v.lit))

			for j,n in ipairs(v.notes) do
				note(n, function(v) table.insert(m, v) end)
			end
		end
		return table.concat(m,'\n')
	end



	for i, w in ipairs(out) do
		local d = fo.ul(w.lit)





		if #w.word.defs == 1 then

			d=d .. ' ' .. fo.em('('..(w.word.defs[1].part)..')') ..'\n'
				.. meanings(w.word.defs[1],false,1)


		else
			for j, def in ipairs(w.word.defs) do

				d=d .. '\n' .. meanings(def,true,j)





			end

		end
		io.stdout:write(d..'\n')
	end
end


























































































































function cmds.export.exec(ctx)


	local function san(str)
		local d = 0
		local r = {}
		for i,cp in utf8.codes(str) do
			-- insert backslashes for characters that would
			-- disrupt strwords() parsing




			if cp == 0x5b then
				d = d + 1
			elseif cp == 0x5d then
				if d >= 1 then
					d = d - 1
				else
					table.insert(r, 0x5c)
				end
			end
			table.insert(r, cp)

		end
		return '[' .. utf8.char(table.unpack(r)) .. ']'
	end





	local function o(...) io.stdout:write(string.format(...)..'\n') end

	local d = ctx.dict
	o('pv0 %s %s', san(d.header.lang), san(d.header.meta))
	for lit, w in pairs(d.words) do
		o('w %s',san(lit))
		for i,def in ipairs(w.defs) do
			o('d %s',san(def.part))

			for _,s in ipairs(d.synonyms) do







				for _,sm in ipairs(s.members) do
					if sm.word == w and sm.def == i then

						o('ds %u',s.uid)
						break
					end
				end
			end













			for j,r in ipairs(def.branch) do
				o('dr %s',san(r))
			end
			for j,m in ipairs(def.means) do
				o('m %s', san(m.lit))

				for k,n in ipairs(m.notes) do
					o('n %s', san(n.kind))
					for a,p in ipairs(n.paras) do
						o('np %s', san(p))
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end
	for _,s in ipairs(d.synonyms) do o('s %u', s.uid) end














end

function cmds.mod.exec(ctx, orig, oper, dest, ...)
	if (not orig) or not oper then
		id10t '`mod` requires at least an origin and an operation'
	end
	local op, dp = parsePath(orig)
	local w,d,m,n = safeNavWord(ctx, op.w,op.dn,op.mn,op.nn)












































































	if oper == 'drop' then


		if not d then
			ctx.dict.words[op.w] = nil
		elseif not m then
			table.remove(w.defs, op.dn)
		elseif not n then
			table.remove(d.means, op.mn)
		else
			table.remove(m.notes, op.nn)
		end
	elseif oper == 'out' then
		if n or not m then
			id10t '`mod out` must target a meaning'
		end
		if not dest then id10t '`mod out` requires at least a part of speech' end
		local newdef = {
			part = dest;
			branch = {...};
			forms = {};
			means = {m};
		}

		table.insert(w.defs,op.dn+1, newdef)

		table.remove(d.means,op.mn)
	elseif oper == 'move' or oper == 'merge' or oper == 'clobber' then
		if dest
			then dp = parsePath(dest)
			else id10t('`mod %s` requires a target',oper)
		end
		if n then
			if not dp.mn then
				id10t '`mod` on a note requires a note or meaning destination'
			end
			local _,_,dm = safeNavWord(ctx, dp.w,dp.dn,dp.mn)
			if dp.nn then
				if oper == 'move' then

					table.insert(dm.notes, dp.nn, n)
				elseif oper == 'merge' then
					local top = #(dm.notes[dp.nn].paras)
					for i, v in ipairs(n.paras) do
						dm.notes[dp.nn].paras[i+top] = v
					end
				elseif oper == 'clobber' then

					dm.notes[dp.nn] = n
				end

			else
				if oper ~= 'move' then
					id10t('`mod note %s` requires a note target', oper)
				end
				table.insert(dm.notes, n)
			end
			if oper == 'move' and dp.nn and dm == m and op.nn > dp.nn then
				table.remove(m.notes,op.nn+1)
			else
				table.remove(m.notes,op.nn)
			end
		elseif m then
................................................................................
			if not dp.dn then
				local newdef = {
					part = d.part;
					branch = copy(d.branch);
					forms = copy(d.forms);
					means = {m};
				}

				if ctx.dict.words[dp.w] then
					table.insert(ctx.dict.words[dp.w].defs, newdef)


				else
					ctx.dict.words[dp.w] = {
						defs = {newdef};
					}

				end



				table.remove(d.means,dp.mn)
			else
				local dw, dd = safeNavWord(ctx, dp.w, dp.dn)
				if dp.mn then
					if dd.means[dp.mn] and (oper == 'merge' or oper=='clobber') then
						if oper == 'merge' then
							dd.means[dp.mn] = dd.means[dp.mn] .. '; ' .. m
						elseif oper == 'clobber' then

							dd.means[dp.mn] = m
						end
					else
						if oper == clobber then dd.means = {} end




						table.insert(dd.means, dp.mn, m)
					end

				else

					table.insert(dd.means, m)
				end
				if oper == 'move' and dp.mn and dd.means == d.means and op.mn > dp.mn then
					table.remove(d.means,op.mn+1)
				else
					table.remove(d.means,op.mn)
				end
			end
................................................................................
			if dp.dn then
				if oper == 'merge' then
					local top = #(ddefs[dp.dn].means)
					for i,om in ipairs(d.means) do
						ddefs[dp.dn].means[top+i] = om
					end
					for k,p in pairs(d.forms) do

						ddefs[dp.dn].forms[k] = p -- clobbers!
					end
				else

					table.insert(ddefs, dp.dn, d)
				end

			else

				table.insert(ddefs, d)
			end
			if oper == 'move' and dp.mn and w.defs == ddefs and op.mn > dp.mn then
				table.remove(w.defs,op.dn+1)
			else
				table.remove(w.defs,op.dn)
			end
		else
			if ctx.dict.words[dp.w] then
				if oper ~= 'merge' then
					id10t('the word “%s” already exists; use `merge` if you want to merge the words together', dp.w)
				end
				for i,def in ipairs(w.defs) do


					if dp.dn then

						table.insert(ctx.dict.words[dp.w].defs, dp.dn+i-1, def)

					else
						table.insert(ctx.dict.words[dp.w].defs, def)


					end
				end
			else
				ctx.dict.words[dp.w] = w



			end
			ctx.dict.words[op.w] = nil
		end
	end

end

local function fileLegible(file)
	-- check if we can access the file
	local fd = io.open(file,"rb")
	local ret = false
	if fd then ret = true end
	fd:close()
	return ret
end

local function map(fn,lst)
	local new = {}
	for k,v in pairs(lst) do
		local nv, nk = fn(v,k)
		new[nk or k] = nv
	end
	return new
end
local function mapD(fn,lst) --destructive
	-- WARNING: this will not work if nk names an existing key!
	for k,v in pairs(lst) do
		local nv, nk = fn(v,k)
		if nk == nil or k == nk then
			lst[k] = nv
		else
			lst[k] = nil
			lst[nk] = nv
		end
	end
	return lst
end

local function
prompt(p,multiline)
	-- returns string if successful, nil if EOF, false if ^C
	io.stderr:write(p)
	local ok, res = pcall(function()
	                      return io.stdin:read(multiline and 'a' or 'l')
................................................................................
				local c = cmds[words[1]]
				if c then
					if c.raw then
						ctx.log('fatal', words[1] .. ' cannot be run from `shell`')
					elseif not implies(c.write, rw) then
						ctx.log('fatal', ctx.file .. ' is not writable')
					else
						local ok = ctx.try(c.exec, ctx, table.unpack(words,2))
						if ok then written = written or c.write end
					end
				elseif cmd == 'save' or cmd == 'wq' then
					if not written then
						ctx.log('info', 'no changes to save')
					end
					cmd = nil
				elseif cmd == 'quit' or cmd == 'q' then
................................................................................
		showHelp(ctx, cmd, cmds[cmd])
	else
		for cmd,c in pairs(cmds) do
			showHelp(ctx, cmd, c)
		end
	end
end






local function
usage(me,ctx)
	local ln = 0
	local ct = {}
	local fe = ctx.sty[io.stderr]






	io.stderr:write(string.format(fe.br"usage:".." %s <file> [<command> [args…]]\n",me))
	--[[
	for k,v in pairs(cmds) do
		local n = 1 + utf8.len(k) + utf8.len(v.syntax)
		ct[k] = n
		if n > ln then ln = n end
	end
	for k,v in pairs(cmds) do
................................................................................
	end
	return 64
end

local function
dispatch(argv, ctx)
	local ferr = ctx.sty[io.stderr]





















	local file, cmd = table.unpack(argv)
	if cmd and cmds[cmd] then
		local c,fd,dict = cmds[cmd]
		if (not c.raw) and not c.nofile then
			fd = safeopen(file, "rb")
			dict = readDict(fd:read 'a')
			fd:close()
			-- lua io has no truncate method, so we must
................................................................................
		end

		cmds[cmd].exec({
			sty = ctx.sty;
			try = ctx.try;
			log = ctx.log;


			file = file;
			fd = fd;
			dict = dict;
		}, table.unpack(argv,3))

		if (not c.raw) and c.write then
			local output = writeDict(dict)
			-- writeDict should always be given a chance to
			-- bail before the previous file is destroyed!!
			-- you don't want one bug to wipe out your entire
			-- dictionary in one fell swoop
................................................................................

local function log(lvl, msg)
	local colors = {fatal=1,warn=3,info=4,debug=2}
	local ferr = sty[io.stderr]
	io.stderr:write(string.format(
		ferr.color(ferr.br("(%s)"),colors[lvl]).." %s\n", lvl, msg))
end





local function try(...)
	-- a wrapper around pcall that produces a standard error
	-- message format when an error occurs
	local res = { pcall(...) }
	if not res[1] then
		log('fatal', res[2])
	end
	return table.unpack(res)
end

local function stacktrace(err)
	return debug.traceback(err,3)
end
local ok, res = xpcall(dispatch, stacktrace, argv, {
	try = try, sty = sty, log = log
})

if not ok then
	log('fatal', res)
	os.exit(1)
end

os.exit(res)

--      SSD  Social Sciences Directorate
--       ELS External Linguistics Subdirectorate
--    +WSO   Worlds Security Overdirectorate
--      EID  External Influence Directorate ]

local function implies(a,b) return a==b or not(a) end

local function map(lst,fn)
	local new = {}
	for k,v in pairs(lst) do
		local nv, nk = fn(v,k)
		new[nk or k] = nv
	end
	return new
end
local function mapD(lst,fn) --destructive
	-- WARNING: this will not work if nk names an existing key!
	for k,v in pairs(lst) do
		local nv, nk = fn(v,k)
		if nk == nil or k == nk then
			lst[k] = nv
		else
			lst[k] = nil
			lst[nk] = nv
		end
	end
	return lst
end
local function pushi(dest, idx, src, ...)
	if not src then return end
	dest[idx] = src
	pushi(dest, idx+1, ...)
end
local function push(dest, ...) pushi(dest,#dest+1,...) end
local function cons(car, cdr)
	local new = {car}
	for k,v in ipairs(cdr) do new[k+1] = v end
	return new
end
local function tcatD(dest, ...)
	local i = #dest
	local function iter(src, ...)
		if src == nil then return end
		local sc = #src
		for j=1,sc do dest[i+j] = src[j] end
		i = i + sc
		iter(...)
	end
	iter(...)
end
local function tcat(...)
	local new = {}
	tcatD(new, ...)
	return new
end
local ansi = {
	levels = {
		plain = 0;
		ansi = 1;
		color = 2;
		color8b = 3;
		color24b = 4;
	};
}

ansi.seqs = {
	br = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[1m", "[22m"};
	hl = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[7m", "[27m"};
	ul = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[4m", "[24m"};
	em = {ansi.levels.ansi, "[3m", "[23m"};
};

function ansi.termclass(fd) -- awkwardly emulate isatty
	if fd:seek('cur',0) then
................................................................................
	if cl == ansi.levels.color24b then
		function f.rgb(str, r,g,b, bg)
			return string.format("\27[%c8;2;%u;%u;%um", bg and 0x34 or 0x33,
				ftoi(r,g,b)) .. str .. reset
		end
	elseif cl == ansi.levels.color8b then
		function f.rgb(str, r,g,b, bg)
			local code = 16 + math.floor(r * 5)*36 + math.floor(g * 5)*6 + math.floor(b * 6)
			return string.format("\27[%c8;5;%um", bg and 0x34 or 0x33, code)
				.. str .. reset
		end
	elseif cl == ansi.levels.color then
		function f.rgb(str, r,g,b, bg)
			local code = 0x30 + 1 -- TODO
			return string.format("\27[%c%cm", bg and 0x34 or 0x33, code)
................................................................................
	return f
end


local function dump(v,pfx,cyc,ismeta)
	pfx = pfx or ''
	cyc = cyc or {}
	local np = pfx .. '   '

	if type(v) == 'table' then
		if cyc[v] then return '<...>' else cyc[v] = true end
	end

	if type(v) == 'string' then
		return string.format('%q', v)
................................................................................
		local meta = ''
		if getmetatable(v) then
			meta = dump(getmetatable(v),pfx,cyc,true) .. '::'
		end
		if ismeta then
			return string.format('%s<|\n%s%s|>',meta,str,pfx)
		else
			return meta..'{\n' .. str .. pfx .. '}'
		end
	else
		return string.format('%s', v)
	end
end

local struct = {
................................................................................
fmt.string = qpack "s4"
fmt.label = qpack "s2"
fmt.tag = qpack "s1"
fmt.u8 = qpack "I1"
fmt.u16 = qpack "I2"
fmt.u24 = qpack "I3"
fmt.u32 = qpack "I4"
fmt.path = {
	-- encodes a FIXED path to an arbitrary type of object
	encode = function(a)
		local kind = 0
		local vals = {}
		if a.w then kind = 1
			table.insert(vals, marshal(fmt.label, a.w))
			if a.dn then kind = 2
				table.insert(vals, marshal(fmt.u8, a.dn))
				if a.mn then kind = 3
					table.insert(vals, marshal(fmt.u8, a.mn))
					if a.nn then kind = 4
						table.insert(vals, marshal(fmt.u8, a.nn))
					end
				end
			end
		end
		return marshal(fmt.u8,kind) .. table.concat(vals)
	end;
	decode = function(s)
		local kind <const> = parse(fmt.u8, s)
		local path = {}
		local components <const> = {
			{'w',fmt.label};
			{'dn',fmt.u8};
			{'mn',fmt.u8};
			{'nn',fmt.u8};
		}
		for i=1,kind do
			local label, ty = table.unpack(components[i])
			path[label] = parse(ty,s)
		end
		return path
	end;
}
fmt.list = function(t,ty) ty = ty or fmt.u32
	return {
		encode = function(a)
			local vals = {marshal(ty, #a)}
			for i=1,#a do
				table.insert(vals, marshal(t, a[i]))
			end
................................................................................
			local m = {}
			for _,p in pairs(lst) do m[p.key] = p.val end
			return m
		end;
	}
end

fmt.enum = function(...)
	local vals,rmap = {...},{}
	for k,v in pairs(vals) do rmap[v] = k-1 end
	local ty = fmt.u8
	if #vals > 0xffff then ty = fmt.u32 -- just in pathological case
	elseif #vals > 0xff then ty = fmt.u16 end
	return {
		encode = function(a)
			if not rmap[a] then error(string.format('"%s" is not part of enum "%s"', a, table.concat(vals,'","')),3) end
			return marshal(ty, rmap[a])
		end;
		decode = function(s)
			local n = parse(ty,s)
			if (n+1) > #vals then error(string.format('enum "%s" does not have %u members', table.concat(vals,'","'),n),3) end
			return vals[n+1]
		end;
	}
end

fmt.note = {
	{'kind', fmt.tag};
	{'paras', fmt.list(fmt.string)};
}

fmt.example = {
	{'quote',fmt.string};
	{'src',fmt.label};
}
fmt.meaning = {
	{'lit', fmt.string};
	{'examples', fmt.list(fmt.example,fmt.u8)};
	{'notes', fmt.list(fmt.note,fmt.u8)};
}

fmt.phrase = {
	{'str',fmt.label};
	{'means',fmt.list(fmt.meaning,fmt.u8)};
	{'xref',fmt.list(fmt.path,fmt.u16)};
}

fmt.def = {
	{'part', fmt.u8};
	{'branch', fmt.list(fmt.label,fmt.u8)};
	{'means', fmt.list(fmt.meaning,fmt.u8)};
	{'forms', fmt.map(fmt.u16,fmt.label,fmt.u16)};
	{'phrases', fmt.list(fmt.phrase,fmt.u16)};
}

fmt.word = {
	{'defs', fmt.list(fmt.def,fmt.u8)};
}

fmt.dictHeader = {
	{'lang', fmt.tag};
	{'meta', fmt.string};
	{'partsOfSpeech', fmt.list(fmt.tag,fmt.u16)};
	{'inflectionForms', fmt.list({
		{'name', fmt.tag};
		{'abbrev', fmt.tag};
		{'desc', fmt.string};
		{'parts', fmt.list(fmt.tag,fmt.u8)};
		-- which parts of speech does this form apply to?
		-- leave empty if not relevant
	},fmt.u16)};
}

fmt.relSet = {
	{'uid', fmt.u32};
		-- IDs are persistent random values so they can be used
		-- as reliable identifiers even when merging exports in
		-- a parvan-unaware VCS
	{'members', fmt.list(fmt.path,fmt.u16)};
	{'kind', fmt.enum('syn','ant','met')};

}

fmt.dict = {
	{'header', fmt.dictHeader};
	{'words', fmt.map(fmt.string,fmt.word)};
	{'relsets', fmt.list(fmt.relSet)};
}

function marshal(ty, val)
	if ty.encode then
		return ty.encode(val)
	end
	local ac = {}

	for idx,fld in ipairs(ty) do
		local name, fty = table.unpack(fld)
		table.insert(ac, marshal(fty,
			assert(val[name],
				string.format('marshalling error: missing field %s', name)
			)
		))
	end

	return table.concat(ac)
end

function parse(ty, stream)
	if ty.decode then
................................................................................
		if map[v] then return map[v] else
			map[v] = i
			i=i+1
			return i-1
		end
	end, map
end

local function rebuildRelationCache(d)
-- (re)build a dictionary's relation cache; needed
-- at load time and whenever any changes to relsets
-- are made (unless they're simple enough to update
-- the cache directly by hand, but that's very eeeh)
	local sc = {}
	for i,s in ipairs(d.relsets) do
		for j,m in ipairs(s.members) do
			sc[m.w] = sc[m.w] or {}
			table.insert(sc[m.w], s)
		end
	end
	d._relCache = sc
end

local function
writeDict(d)
	local atomizePoS, posMap = atomizer()
	for lit,w in pairs(d.words) do
		for j,def in ipairs(w.defs) do
			def.part = atomizePoS(def.part)
................................................................................
	local d = parse(fmt.dict, s)
	-- handle atoms
	for lit,w in pairs(d.words) do
		for j,def in ipairs(w.defs) do
			def.part = d.header.partsOfSpeech[def.part]
		end
	end

	-- create cachemaps for complex data structures to
	-- enable faster lookup that would otherwise require
	-- expensive scans
	rebuildRelationCache(d)
	return d
end


local function strwords(str) -- here be dragons
	local wds = {}
	local w = {}
	local state, d, quo, dquo = 0,0
	local function flush(n,final)
		if next(w) or state ~= 0 and state < 10 then
			table.insert(wds, utf8.char(table.unpack(w)))
			w = {}
		elseif final and state > 10 then
			table.insert(wds, '\\')
		end
		state = n
		quo = nil
		dquo = nil
		d = 0
	end
	local function isws(c)
................................................................................
				table.insert(w,0x0a)
			else
				table.insert(w,cp)
			end
			state = state - 10
		end
	end
	flush(nil,true)
	return wds
end

local predicates
local function parsefilter(str)
	local f = strwords(str)
	if #f == 1 then return function(e) return predicates.lit.fn(e,f[1]) end end
................................................................................

local function copy(tab)
	local new = {}
	for k,v in pairs(tab) do new[k] = v end
	return new
end

local function pathParse(p)
-- this is cursed, rewrite without regex pls TODO
	if p == '.' then return {} end
	local function comp(pfx)
		return pfx .. '([0-9]+)'
	end
	local function mtry(...)
		local mstr = '^(.+)'
		for _, v in ipairs{...} do
			mstr = mstr .. comp(v)
		end
		return p:match(mstr .. '$')
	end

	local xn
	local w,dn,pn,mn,nn = mtry('%.','/p','/m','/n')
	if not w then w,dn,pn,mn,xn = mtry('%.','/p','/m','/x') end
	if not w then w,dn,pn,mn = mtry('%.','/p','/m') end
	if not w then w,dn,pn= mtry('%.','/p') end
	if not w then
		local comps = {'%.','/m','/n'}
		for i=#comps, 1, -1 do
			local args = {table.unpack(comps,1,i)}
			w,dn,mn,nn = mtry(table.unpack(args))
			if not w and args[i] == '/n' then
				args[i] = '/x'
				w,dn,mn,xn = mtry(table.unpack(args))
			end
			if w then break end
		end
	end
	if not w then w=p:match('^(.-)%.?$') end
	return {w = w, dn = tonumber(dn), mn = tonumber(mn), pn=tonumber(pn); nn = tonumber(nn), xn = tonumber(xn)}
end
local function pathString(p,styler)
	local function s(s, st, ...)
		if styler then
			return styler[st](tostring(s),...)
		else return s end
	end

	local function comp(c,n,...)
		return s('/','color',5)
		    .. s(string.format("%s%u",c,n), 'color',...)
	end
	local t = {}
	if p.w then t[1] = s(p.w,'ul') else return '.' end
	if p.dn then t[2] = string.format(".%s", s(p.dn,'br')) end
	if p.pn then t[#t+1] = comp('p',p.pn,4,true) end
	if p.mn then t[#t+1] = comp('m',p.mn,5,true) end
	if p.xn then t[#t+1] = comp('x',p.xn,6,true)
	elseif p.nn then t[#t+1] = comp('n',p.nn,4) end
	if t[2] == nil then
		return p.w .. '.' --make sure paths are always valid
	end
	return s(table.concat(t),'em')
end
local function pathMatch(a,b)
	return a.w  == b.w
		and a.dn == b.dn
		and a.mn == b.mn
		and a.pn == b.pn
		and a.nn == b.nn
		and a.xn == b.xn
end
local function pathResolve(ctx, a)
	if not a.w then return end -- empty paths are valid!
	local function lookup(seg, tbl,val)
		if not tbl then error('bad table',2) end
		local v = tbl[val]
		if v then return v end
		id10t('bad %s in path: %s', seg, val)
	end

	local res = {}
	res.word = lookup('word', ctx.dict.words, a.w)
	if not a.dn then return res end

	res.def = lookup('definition', w.defs, a.dn)
	if (not a.pn) and (not a.mn) then return res end

	local m if a.pn then
		res.phrase = lookup('phrase', d.phrases, a.pn)
		res.meaning = lookup('meaning', p.means, a.mn)
	else
		res.meaning = lookup('meaning', d.means, a.mn)
	end

	if a.xn then
		res.ex = lookup('example',m.examples,a.xn)
	elseif a.nn then
		res.note = lookup('note',m.notes,a.nn)
	end

	return res
end

local function pathNav(...)
	local t = pathResolve(...)
	return t.word,t.def,t.phrase,t.meaning,t.ex or t.note
end

local function pathRef(ctx, a)
	local w,d,p,m,n = pathNav(ctx,a)
	return n or m or p or d or w
end

local function pathSub(super,sub)
	if super.w == nil then return true end
	if sub.w ~= super.w then return false end

	if super.pn == nil then goto checkMN end
	if sub.pn ~= super.pn then return false end

	::checkMN::
	if super.mn == nil then return true end
	if sub.mn ~= super.mn then return false end

	if super.xn then
		if sub.nn then return false end
		if sub.xn ~= super.xn then return false end
	elseif super.nn then
		if sub.xn then return false end
		if sub.nn ~= super.nn then return false end
	end

	return true
end

local cmds = {
	create = {
		help = "initialize a new dictionary file";
		syntax = "<lang>";
		raw = true;
................................................................................
			end
			local fd = safeopen(ctx.file,"wb")
			local new = {
				header = {
					lang = lang;
					meta = "";
					partsOfSpeech = {};
					inflectionForms = {};
				};
				words = {};
				relsets = {};
			}
			local o = writeDict(new);
			fd:write(o)
			fd:close()
		end;
	};
	coin = {
................................................................................
			if not ctx.dict.words[word] then
				ctx.dict.words[word] = {defs={}}
			end
			local n = #(ctx.dict.words[word].defs)+1
			ctx.dict.words[word].defs[n] = {
				part = part;
				branch = etym;
				means = {means and {
					lit=means;
					examples={};
					notes={};
				} or nil};
				forms = {};
			}
			ctx.log('info', string.format('added definition #%u to “%s”', n, word))
		end;
	};
	mean = {
		help = "add a meaning to a definition";
		syntax = "<word> <def#> <meaning>";
		write = true;
		exec = function(ctx,word,dn,m)
			local t = pathResolve(ctx,{w=word,dn=dn})
			table.insert(t.d.means, {lit=m,notes={}})
		end;
	};
	rel = {
		help = "manage groups of related words";
		syntax = {
			"(show|purge) <path> [<kind>]";
			"(link|drop) <word> <group#> <path>…";
			"new <rel> <path> <path>…";
			"destroy <word> [<group#>]";
			"rel ::= (syn|ant|co)"
		};
		write = true;
		exec = function(ctx, op, ...)
			local fo = ctx.sty[io.stdout]
			if op == nil  then id10t "not enough arguments" end
			local groups = {}


			if not (op=='new' or op=='link' or op=='drop' or op=='destroy' or op=='show' or op=='purge') then
				id10t('invalid operation “%s” for `rel`', op)
			end
			if op == 'new' then
				local rel = ...
				if rel ~= 'syn' and rel ~= 'ant' and rel ~= 'met' then
					id10t 'relationships must be synonymous, antonymous, or metonymous'
				end
				local links={}
				for i,l in ipairs{select(2,...)} do


					links[i] = pathParse(l)
				end

				local newstruct = {
					uid=math.random(1,0xffffFFFF);
					members=links;

					kind = rel;
				}
				table.insert(ctx.dict.relsets, newstruct)

				local rc = ctx.dict._relCache
				for i,l in pairs(links) do
					rc[l.w] = rc[l.w] or {}
					table.insert(rc[l.w], newstruct)
				end
				rebuildRelationCache(ctx.dict)
			else -- assemble a list of groups
				local tgtw = ...
				local wp = pathParse(tgtw)
				local w,d,m = pathNav(ctx, wp)
				for i,ss in ipairs(ctx.dict.relsets) do
					for j,s in ipairs(ss.members) do
						if pathSub(s, wp) then
-- 						if s.word == wp.w and (wp.dn == nil or s.def == wp.dn) then
							table.insert(groups, {set = ss, mem = s, id = i})
							break
						end
					end
				end

				if op == 'show' then
					for i, g in ipairs(groups) do
						local w = pathResolve(ctx, {w=g.mem.w}).w
						local function label(path,w)
							local repr = path.w
							if path.dn then
								repr = repr .. string.format("(%s)", w.defs[path.dn].part)
								if path.mn then
									repr = repr .. string.format(": %u. %s", path.dn, w.defs[path.dn].means[path.mn].lit)
								else
									local fulldef = {}
									for i,v in ipairs(w.defs) do
										fulldef[i] = v.lit
									end
									repr = repr..table.concat(fulldef, '; ')

								end
							end

							return repr
						end

						local others = {}
						for j, o in ipairs(g.set.members) do


							local ow = pathResolve(ctx, {w=o.w}).w
							if (g.set.kind == 'ant' or not pathMatch(o, g.mem)) and
								--exclude antonym headwords
								not (g.set.kind == 'ant' and j==1) then
								table.insert(others, '      '..label(o,ow))
							end
						end
						local llab do
							local cdw = ctx.dict.words
							if g.set.kind == 'ant' then
								local ap = g.set.members[1]
								llab = fo.br(label(ap,cdw[ap.w]) or '')
							else
								llab = fo.br(label(g.mem,cdw[g.mem.w]) or '')
							end
						end
						local kls = {
							syn = fo.color('synonyms',2,true)..' of';
							ant = fo.color('antonyms',1,true)..' of';
							met = fo.color('metonyms',4,true)..' of';
						}
						io.stdout:write(string.format("% 4u) %s\n%s", i, fo.ul(kls[g.set.kind] .. ' ' .. llab), table.concat(others,'\n')) .. '\n')
					end
					return false -- no changes made
				elseif op == 'link' or op == 'drop' then
					local tgtn, paths = (select(2,...)), { select(3, ...) }
					rebuildRelationCache(ctx.dict)
				elseif op == 'destroy' then
					local tgtw, tgtn = ...
					if not tgtn then id10t 'missing group number' end
					local delendum = groups[tonumber(tgtn)]
					if not delendum then id10t 'bad group number' end
					local rs = ctx.dict.relsets
					local last = #rs
					if delendum.id == last then
						rs[delendum.id] = nil
					else -- since order doesn't matter, we can use a
						-- silly swapping trick to reduce the deletion
						-- worst case from O(n) to O(2)
						rs[delendum.id] = rs[last]
						rs[last] = nil
					end
					rebuildRelationCache(ctx.dict)
				else
					id10t 'invalid operation'
				end
			end
		end;
	};
	mod = {
		help = "move, merge, split, or delete words or definitions";
		syntax = {
................................................................................
	note = {
		help = "add a note to a definition or a paragraph to a note";
		syntax = {"(<m-path> (add|for) <kind> | <m-path>:<note#>) <para>…";
			"m-path ::= <word>@<def#>/<meaning#>"};
		write = true;
		exec = function(ctx,path,...)
			local paras, mng
			local dest = pathParse(path)
			local _,_,m = safeNavWord(ctx,dest.w,dest.dn,dest.mn)
			if dest.nn then
				paras = {...}
			else
				local op, kind = ...
				paras = { select(3, ...) }
				if op == 'add' then
................................................................................
	predicates = {
		help = "show available filter predicates";
		nofile = true;
		syntax = "[<predicate>]";
	};
	export = {
		help = "create a text file dump compatible with source control";
		syntax = "[<target-file>]";
	};
	import = {
		help = "generate a usable dictionary from a text export file";
		syntax = "[<input-file>]";
		raw = true;
		write = true;
	};
	dump = {
		exec = function(ctx) print(dump(ctx.dict)) end
	};
	ls = {
		help = "list all words that meet any given <filter>";
		syntax = {"[<filter>…]";
................................................................................
	local list = predicates
	if pred then list = {predicates[pred]} end
	local f = ctx.sty[io.stderr]
	for k,p in pairs(predicates) do
		if p.help then
			io.stderr:write(
				f.br('  - ' ..
					f.rgb('[',1,0,.5) ..
					k .. ' ' ..
					(f.color(p.syntax,5) or '…') ..
					f.rgb(']',1,0,.5)) .. ': ' ..
				f.color(p.help,4,true) .. '\n')
		end
	end
end

function cmds.ls.exec(ctx,...)
	local filter = nil
................................................................................
		local e = {lit=lit, word=w}
		if filter == nil or filter(e) then
			table.insert(out, e)
		end
	end
	table.sort(out, function(a,b) return a.lit < b.lit end)
	local fo = ctx.sty[io.stdout]

	local function gatherRelSets(path)
		local antonymSets, synonymSets, metonymSets = {},{},{}
		if ctx.dict._relCache[path.w] then
			for i, rel in ipairs(ctx.dict._relCache[path.w]) do
				local specuset,tgt,anto = {}
				for j, mbr in ipairs(rel.members) do
					if pathMatch(mbr, path) then
						if     rel.kind == 'syn' then tgt = synonymSets
						elseif rel.kind == 'met' then tgt = metonymSets
						elseif rel.kind == 'ant' then
							if j == 1 -- is this the headword?
								then tgt = antonymSets
								else tgt = synonymSets
							end
						end
					elseif j == 1 and rel.kind == 'ant' then
						anto = mbr
					else
						table.insert(specuset, mbr)
					end
				end
				if tgt then
					table.insert(tgt, specuset)
					if anto then
						table.insert(antonymSets, {anto})
					end
				end
			end
		end
		local function flatten(lst)
			local new = {}
			for i, l in ipairs(lst) do tcatD(new, l) end
			return new
		end
		return {
			syn = flatten(synonymSets);
			ant = flatten(antonymSets);
			met = flatten(metonymSets);
		}
	end

	local function formatRels(rls, padlen)
		-- optimize for the common case
		if next(rls.syn) == nil and
		   next(rls.ant) == nil and
			next(rls.met) == nil then return {} end
		local pad = string.rep(' ',padlen)
		local function format(label, set)
			local each = map(set, function(e)
				local ew,ed = pathNav(ctx, e)
            local str = fo.ul(e.w)
				if ed then str = string.format('%s(%s)',str,ed.part) end
				if e.mn then str = string.format('%s§%u',str,e.mn) end
				return str
			end)
			return fo.em(string.format("%s%s %s",pad,label,table.concat(each,', ')))
		end
		local lines = {}
		local function add(l,c,lst)
			table.insert(lines, format(fo.color(l,c,true),lst))
		end
		if next(rls.syn) then add('synonyms:',2,rls.syn) end
		if next(rls.ant) then add('antonyms:',1,rls.ant) end
		if next(rls.met) then add('metonyms:',4,rls.met) end
		return lines
	end

	local function meanings(w,d,md,n)
		local start = md and 2 or 1
		local part = string.format('(%s)', d.part)
		local pad = md and string.rep(' ', #part) or ''
		local function note(n,insert)
			if not next(n.paras) then return end
			local pad = string.rep(' ',#(n.kind) + 9)
			insert('      ' .. fo.hl(' ' .. n.kind .. ' ') .. ' ' .. n.paras[1])
			for i=2,#n.paras do
				insert(pad..n.paras[2])
			end
		end
		local m = { (function()
			if d.means[1] then
				if md then
					local id = ''
					if ctx.flags.ident then
						id=' ['..pathString({w=w.lit,dn=n,mn=1}, fo)..']'
					end
					return string.format(" %s %s 1. %s", id, fo.em(part), d.means[1].lit)
				end
			else return
				fo.em(string.format('  %s [empty definition #%u]', part,n))
			end
		end)() }
		tcatD(m, formatRels(gatherRelSets{w=w.lit,dn=n,mn=1}, 6))
		for i=start,#d.means do local v = d.means[i]
			local id = ''
			if ctx.flags.ident then id='['..pathString({w=w.lit,dn=n,mn=n}, fo)..']' end
			table.insert(m, string.format('  %s%s %u. %s', pad, id, i, v.lit))
			tcatD(m, formatRels(gatherRelSets{w=w.lit,dn=n,mn=i}, 6))
			for j,n in ipairs(v.notes) do
				note(n, function(v) table.insert(m, v) end)
			end
		end
		return table.concat(m,'\n')
	end
	local function autobreak(str)
		if str ~= '' then return str..'\n' else return str end
	end
	for i, w in ipairs(out) do
		local d = fo.ul(fo.br(w.lit))
		local wordrels = autobreak(table.concat(
				formatRels(gatherRelSets{w=w.lit}, 2),
				'\n'
			))
		local wc = ctx.dict._relCache[w.lit]
		if #w.word.defs == 1 then
			d=d .. ' '
			    .. fo.rgb(fo.em('('..(w.word.defs[1].part)..')'),.8,.5,1) .. '\n'
			    .. meanings(w,w.word.defs[1],false,1) .. '\n'
			    .. autobreak(table.concat(formatRels(gatherRelSets{w=w.lit,dn=1}, 4), '\n'))
				 .. wordrels .. '\n'
		else
			for j, def in ipairs(w.word.defs) do
				local syn if wsc and wsc[j] then syn = wsc[j] end
				d=d .. '\n'
				    .. meanings(w,syn,def,true,j) .. '\n'
				    .. autobreak(table.concat(
						 formatRels(gatherRelSets{w=w.lit,dn=j}, 4),
						 '\n'
					 ))
			end
			d=d .. wordrels .. '\n'
		end
		io.stdout:write(d)
	end
end

function cmds.import.exec(ctx,file)
	local ifd = io.stdin
	if file then
		ifd = safeopen(file,'r')
	end

	local new = {
		header = {
			lang = lang;
			meta = "";
			partsOfSpeech = {};
			inflectionForms = {};
		};
		words = {};
		relsets = {};
	}

	local state = 0
	local relsets = {}
	local path = {}
	local inflmap, lastinfl = {}
	for l in ifd:lines() do
		local words = strwords(l)
		local c = words[1]
		local function syn(mn,mx)
			local nw = #words - 1
			if nw < mn or (mx ~= nil and nw > mx) then
				if mx ~= nil then
					id10t('command %s needs between %u~%u words',c,mn,mx)
				else
					id10t('command %s needs at least %u words',c,mn)
				end
			end
		end
		if c ~= '*' and c~='meta' then -- comments
			if state == 0 then
				if c ~= 'pv0' then
					id10t "not a parvan export"
				end
				new.header.lang = words[2]
				new.header.meta = words[3]
				state = 1
			else
				print(pathString(path, ctx.sty[io.stderr]))
				local W,D,M,N = pathNav({dict=new}, path)
				if c == 'w' then syn(1) state = 2
					path = {w=words[2]}
					new.words[words[2]] = {defs={}}
				elseif c == 'f' then syn(1)
					local nf = {
						name = words[2];
						abbrev = words[3] or "";
						desc = words[4] or "";
						parts = {};
					}
					table.insert(new.header.inflectionForms, nf)
					inflmap[words[2]] = #(new.header.inflectionForms)
					lastinfl = nf
				elseif c == 'fp' then syn(1)
					if not lastinfl then
						id10t 'fp can only be used after f' end
					table.insert(lastinfl.parts,words[2])
				elseif c == 's' then syn(2)
					relsets[words[3]] = relsets[words[3]] or {}
					relsets[words[3]].kind = words[2]
					relsets[words[3]].uid = tonumber(words[3])
					relsets[words[3]].members = relsets[words[3]].members or {}
				elseif state >= 2 and c == 'r' then syn(1)
					relsets[words[2]] = relsets[words[2]] or {
						uid = tonumber(words[2]);
						members={};
					}
					table.insert(relsets[words[2]].members, path)
				elseif state >= 2 and c == 'd' then syn(1) state = 3
					table.insert(W.defs, {
						part = words[2];
						branch = {};
						means = {};
						forms = {};
						phrases = {};
					})
					path = {w = path.w, dn = #(W.defs)}
				elseif state >= 3 and c == 'dr' then syn(1)
					table.insert(D.branch, words[2])
				elseif state >= 3 and c == 'df' then syn(2)
					if not inflmap[words[2]] then
						id10t('no inflection form %s defined', words[2])
					end
					D.forms[inflmap[words[2]]] = words[3]
				elseif state >= 3 and c == 'm' then syn(1) state = 4
					table.insert(D.means, {
						lit = words[2];
						notes = {};
						examples = {};
					});
					path = {w = path.w, dn = path.dn, mn = #(D.means)}
				elseif state >= 4 and c == 'n' then syn(1) state = 5
					table.insert(M.notes, {kind=words[2], paras={}})
					path = {w = path.w, dn = path.dn, mn = path.mn, nn = #(M.notes)};
				elseif state >= 5 and c == 'np' then syn(1)
					table.insert(N.paras, words[2])
				end
				-- we ignore invalid ctls, for sake of forward-compat
			end
		end
	end

	for k,v in pairs(relsets) do
		if not v.uid then
			--handle non-numeric export ids
			v.uid = math.random(0,0xffffFFFF)
		end
		table.insert(new.relsets, v)
	end

	local ofd = safeopen(ctx.file,"w+b")
	local o = writeDict(new);
	ofd:write(o)
	ofd:close()
end

function cmds.export.exec(ctx,file)
	local ofd = io.stdout
	if file then ofd = safeopen(file, 'w+') end
	local function san(str)
		local d = 0
		local r = {}
		for i,cp in utf8.codes(str) do
			-- insert backslashes for characters that would
			-- disrupt strwords() parsing
			if cp == 0x0a then
				table.insert(r, 0x5c)
				table.insert(r, 0x6e)
			else
				if cp == 0x5b then
					d = d + 1
				elseif cp == 0x5d then
					if d >= 1 then
						d = d - 1
					else
						table.insert(r, 0x5c)
					end
				end
				table.insert(r, cp)
			end
		end
		return '[' .. utf8.char(table.unpack(r)) .. ']'
	end
	local function o(lvl,...)
		local pfx = ''
		if ctx.flags.human and lvl > 0 then
			pfx = string.rep('\t', lvl)
		end
		ofd:write(pfx..string.format(...)..'\n')
	end
	local d = ctx.dict
	o(0,'pv0 %s %s', san(d.header.lang), san(d.header.meta))




	local function checksyn(obj)
-- 		for _,s in ipairs(d.synonyms) do
		local lvl = 0
		if     obj.nn then lvl = 4
		elseif obj.mn then lvl = 3
		elseif obj.dn then lvl = 2
		elseif obj.w  then lvl = 1 end
		if not d._relCache[obj.w] then return end
		for _,s in ipairs(d._relCache[obj.w]) do
			for _,sm in ipairs(s.members) do

				if pathMatch(obj, sm) then
					o(lvl,'r %u',s.uid)
					break
				end
			end
		end
	end
	for i,f in pairs(d.header.inflectionForms) do
		o(0,'f %s %s %s', san(f.name), san(f.abbrev), san(f.desc))
		for j,p in pairs(f.parts) do
			o(1,'fp %s', san(p))
		end
	end
	for lit, w in pairs(d.words) do
		o(0,'w %s',san(lit))
		checksyn{w=lit}
		for i,def in ipairs(w.defs) do
			o(1,'d %s',san(def.part))
			checksyn{w=lit,dn=i}
			for j,r in ipairs(def.branch) do
				o(2,'dr %s',san(r))
			end
			for j,m in ipairs(def.means) do
				o(2,'m %s', san(m.lit))
				checksyn{w=lit,dn=i,mn=j}
				for k,n in ipairs(m.notes) do
					o(3,'n %s', san(n.kind))
					for a,p in ipairs(n.paras) do
						o(4,'np %s', san(p))
					end
				end
			end
		end
	end
	for _,s in ipairs(d.relsets) do o(0,'s %s %u', s.kind, s.uid) end
end

local function filterD(lst, fn)
-- cheap algorithm to destructively filter a list
-- DOES NOT preserve order!!
	local top = #lst
	for i=top,1,-1 do local m = lst[i]
		if not fn(m,i) then
			lst[i] = lst[top]
			lst[top] = nil
			top = top - 1
		end
	end
	return lst
end

function cmds.mod.exec(ctx, orig, oper, dest, ...)
	if (not orig) or not oper then
		id10t '`mod` requires at least an origin and an operation'
	end
	local op, dp = pathParse(orig)
	local w,d,m,n = safeNavWord(ctx, op.w,op.dn,op.mn,op.nn)
	-- unfortunately, "pointers" exist elsewhere in the
	-- structure, currently just from relsets, that must
	-- be updated whenever an object moves or changes.
	-- this is miserable and takes a lot of work, using
	-- algorithms provided by the following functions.
	-- note that we don't bother trying to update the
	-- relcache as we go, it's simply not worth the work;
	-- instead we simply rebuild the whole cache when
	-- this command returns
	local function cleanupRels(path, fn)
		local rc = ctx.dict._relCache[path.w]
		if rc then
			for k,s in pairs(rc) do fn(s,k) end
		end
	end
	local function cleanupRelsEach(path, fn)
		cleanupRels(path, function(s,k)
			local top = #s.members
			for i=1,top do local m=s.members[i]
				if pathSub(path, m) then
					local val = fn(m,s,i)
					if val ~= nil then
						s.members[i] = val
					end
				end
			end
		end)
	end
	local function deleteRefsTo(path)
		cleanupRels(path, function(s)
		-- antonyms: delete the headword and transform the group
		-- to a list of synonyms
			if s.kind == 'ant' and pathSub(path,s.members[1]) then
				s.kind = 'syn'
			end
			filterD(s.members, function(m)
				return not pathSub(path, m)
			end)
		end)
		if not path.dn then
			ctx.dict._relCache[path.w] = nil
		end
	end
	local function moveRelTree(op,dp)
		cleanupRelsEach(op, function(old,set,idx)
			local new = {}
			for _,elt in pairs{'w','dn','mn','nn'} do
				if dp[elt] ~= nil then
					new[elt] = dp[elt]
				else
					new[elt] = op[elt] or old[elt]
				end
			end
			return new
		end)
	end
	local function shiftRelTree(dp, fld, nid, amt)
		local cleanupTargetMask = ({
			dn = {w=dp.w};
			mn = {w=dp.w,dn=dp.dn};
			nn = {w=dp.w,dn=dp.dn,mn=dp.mn};
		})[fld] -- >____<
		cleanupRelsEach(cleanupTargetMask, function(old,set,i)
			if old[fld] >= nid then
				old[fld] = old[fld] + amt
			end
		end)
	end
	local function insertAndMoveRelTree(tbl,n,op,dp,fld)
		local nid = #tbl
		local path = copy(dp)
		path[fld] = nid
		tbl[nid] = n
		shiftRelTree(dp,fld,1)
		moveRelTree(op, path)
	end
	if oper == 'drop' then
		-- clean out the cache and delete relationships
		deleteRefsTo(op)
		if not d then
			ctx.dict.words[op.w] = nil
		elseif not m then
			table.remove(w.defs, op.dn)
		elseif not n then
			table.remove(d.means, op.mn)
		else
			table.remove(m.notes, op.nn)
		end
	elseif oper == 'out' then

		if n or not m then id10t '`mod out` must target a meaning' end

		if not dest then id10t '`mod out` requires at least a part of speech' end
		local newdef = {
			part = dest;
			branch = {...};
			forms = {};
			means = {m};
		}
		shiftRelTree(op, 'dn', op.dn, 1)
		table.insert(w.defs,op.dn+1, newdef)
		moveRelTree(op,{w=op.w, dn=op.dn+1, mn=1})
		table.remove(d.means,op.mn)
	elseif oper == 'move' or oper == 'merge' or oper == 'clobber' then
		if dest
			then dp = pathParse(dest)
			else id10t('`mod %s` requires a target',oper)
		end
		if n then
			if not dp.mn then
				id10t '`mod` on a note requires a note or meaning destination'
			end
			local _,_,dm = safeNavWord(ctx, dp.w,dp.dn,dp.mn)
			if dp.nn then
				if oper == 'move' then
					shiftRelTree(dp, 'nn', dp.nn, 1)
					table.insert(dm.notes, dp.nn, n)
				elseif oper == 'merge' then
					local top = #(dm.notes[dp.nn].paras)
					for i, v in ipairs(n.paras) do
						dm.notes[dp.nn].paras[i+top] = v
					end
				elseif oper == 'clobber' then
					deleteRefsTo(dp)
					dm.notes[dp.nn] = n
				end
				moveRelTree(op,dp)
			else
				if oper ~= 'move' then
					id10t('`mod note %s` requires a note target', oper)
				end
				insertAndMoveRelTree(dm.notes,n,op,dp,'nn')
			end
			if oper == 'move' and dp.nn and dm == m and op.nn > dp.nn then
				table.remove(m.notes,op.nn+1)
			else
				table.remove(m.notes,op.nn)
			end
		elseif m then
................................................................................
			if not dp.dn then
				local newdef = {
					part = d.part;
					branch = copy(d.branch);
					forms = copy(d.forms);
					means = {m};
				}
				local didx
				if ctx.dict.words[dp.w] then
					local defst = ctx.dict.words[dp.w].defs
					didx = #defst
					defst[didx] = newdef
				else
					ctx.dict.words[dp.w] = {
						defs = {newdef};
					}
					didx = 1
				end
				cleanupRelsEach(op, function(oldpath,set,mi)
					return {w=dp.w,dn=didx,mn=1,nn=oldpath.nn}
				end)
				table.remove(d.means,dp.mn)
			else
				local dw, dd = safeNavWord(ctx, dp.w, dp.dn)
				if dp.mn then
					if dd.means[dp.mn] and (oper == 'merge' or oper=='clobber') then
						if oper == 'merge' then
							dd.means[dp.mn] = dd.means[dp.mn] .. '; ' .. m
						elseif oper == 'clobber' then
							deleteRefsTo(dp)
							dd.means[dp.mn] = m
						end
					else
						cleanupRelsEach({w=dp.w,dn=dp.dn}, function(old,set,i)
							if old.mn >= dp.mn then
								old.mn = old.mn + 1
							end
						end)
						table.insert(dd.means, dp.mn, m)
					end
					moveRelTree(op,dp)
				else
					insertAndMoveRelTree(dd.means,m, op,dp,'mn')
-- 					table.insert(dd.means, m)
				end
				if oper == 'move' and dp.mn and dd.means == d.means and op.mn > dp.mn then
					table.remove(d.means,op.mn+1)
				else
					table.remove(d.means,op.mn)
				end
			end
................................................................................
			if dp.dn then
				if oper == 'merge' then
					local top = #(ddefs[dp.dn].means)
					for i,om in ipairs(d.means) do
						ddefs[dp.dn].means[top+i] = om
					end
					for k,p in pairs(d.forms) do
						deleteRefsTo(dp)
						ddefs[dp.dn].forms[k] = p -- clobbers!
					end
				else
					shiftRelTree(dp,'dn',dp.dn,1)
					table.insert(ddefs, dp.dn, d)
				end
				moveRelTree(op,dp)
			else
				insertAndMoveRelTree(ddefs,d, op,dp,'dn')
-- 				table.insert(ddefs, d)
			end
			if oper == 'move' and dp.mn and w.defs == ddefs and op.mn > dp.mn then
				table.remove(w.defs,op.dn+1)
			else
				table.remove(w.defs,op.dn)
			end
		else
			if ctx.dict.words[dp.w] then
				if oper ~= 'merge' then
					id10t('the word “%s” already exists; use `merge` if you want to merge the words together', dp.w)
				end
				for i,def in ipairs(w.defs) do
					local odp = copy(op) odp.dn = i
					local ddp = {w=dp.w, dn=dp.dn+i-1}
					if dp.dn then
						shiftRelTree(dp, 'dn', dp.dn+i-1, 1)
						table.insert(ctx.dict.words[dp.w].defs, dp.dn+i-1, def)
						moveRelTree(odp,ddp)
					else
-- 						table.insert(ctx.dict.words[dp.w].defs, def)
						insertAndMoveRelTree(ctx.dict.words[dp.w].defs, def,
													odp,dp,'dn')
					end
				end
			else
				ctx.dict.words[dp.w] = w
				moveRelTree(op,dp)
-- 				ctx.dict._relCache[dp.w] = ctx.dict._relCache[op.w]
-- 				ctx.dict._relCache[op.w] = nil
			end
			ctx.dict.words[op.w] = nil
		end
	end
	rebuildRelationCache(ctx.dict)
end

local function fileLegible(file)
	-- check if we can access the file
	local fd = io.open(file,"rb")
	local ret = false
	if fd then ret = true end
	fd:close()
	return ret
end























local function
prompt(p,multiline)
	-- returns string if successful, nil if EOF, false if ^C
	io.stderr:write(p)
	local ok, res = pcall(function()
	                      return io.stdin:read(multiline and 'a' or 'l')
................................................................................
				local c = cmds[words[1]]
				if c then
					if c.raw then
						ctx.log('fatal', words[1] .. ' cannot be run from `shell`')
					elseif not implies(c.write, rw) then
						ctx.log('fatal', ctx.file .. ' is not writable')
					else
						local ok, outcome = ctx.try(c.exec, ctx, table.unpack(words,2))
						if ok and outcome ~= false then written = written or c.write end
					end
				elseif cmd == 'save' or cmd == 'wq' then
					if not written then
						ctx.log('info', 'no changes to save')
					end
					cmd = nil
				elseif cmd == 'quit' or cmd == 'q' then
................................................................................
		showHelp(ctx, cmd, cmds[cmd])
	else
		for cmd,c in pairs(cmds) do
			showHelp(ctx, cmd, c)
		end
	end
end

local globalFlags <const> = {
	human = {'h','human','enable human-readable exports'};
	ident = {'i','ident','show identifier paths for all items'}
}

local function
usage(me,ctx)
	local ln = 0
	local ct = {}
	local fe = ctx.sty[io.stderr]
	local fstr = ""
	local flagHelp = {}
	for k,v in pairs(globalFlags) do
		fstr = fstr .. v[1]
		table.insert(flagHelp, string.format("  -%s --%s: %s\n",table.unpack(v)))
	end
	io.stderr:write(string.format(fe.br"usage:".." %s [-%s] <file> [<command> [args…]]\n",me,fstr) .. table.concat(flagHelp))
	--[[
	for k,v in pairs(cmds) do
		local n = 1 + utf8.len(k) + utf8.len(v.syntax)
		ct[k] = n
		if n > ln then ln = n end
	end
	for k,v in pairs(cmds) do
................................................................................
	end
	return 64
end

local function
dispatch(argv, ctx)
	local ferr = ctx.sty[io.stderr]
	local args = {}
	local flags = {}
	local i = 1 while i <= #argv do
		local a = argv[i]
		if a == '--' then i=i+1 break
		elseif a:sub(1,2) == '--' then
			local fs <const> = a:sub(3)
			for k,v in pairs(globalFlags) do
				if v[2] == fs then flags[k] = true end
			end
		elseif a:sub(1,1) == '-' then
			for p,cp in utf8.codes(''), a, #'-' do
				local c <const> = utf8.char(cp)
				for k,v in pairs(globalFlags) do
					if v[1] == c then flags[k] = true break end
				end
			end
		else table.insert(args, a) end
	i = i + 1 end
	for j=i,#argv do table.insert(args,argv[j]) end

	local file, cmd = table.unpack(args)
	if cmd and cmds[cmd] then
		local c,fd,dict = cmds[cmd]
		if (not c.raw) and not c.nofile then
			fd = safeopen(file, "rb")
			dict = readDict(fd:read 'a')
			fd:close()
			-- lua io has no truncate method, so we must
................................................................................
		end

		cmds[cmd].exec({
			sty = ctx.sty;
			try = ctx.try;
			log = ctx.log;

			flags = flags;
			file = file;
			fd = fd;
			dict = dict;
		}, table.unpack(args,3))

		if (not c.raw) and c.write then
			local output = writeDict(dict)
			-- writeDict should always be given a chance to
			-- bail before the previous file is destroyed!!
			-- you don't want one bug to wipe out your entire
			-- dictionary in one fell swoop
................................................................................

local function log(lvl, msg)
	local colors = {fatal=1,warn=3,info=4,debug=2}
	local ferr = sty[io.stderr]
	io.stderr:write(string.format(
		ferr.color(ferr.br("(%s)"),colors[lvl]).." %s\n", lvl, msg))
end

local function stacktrace(err)
	return debug.traceback(err,3)
end

local function try(fn,...)
	-- a wrapper around pcall that produces a standard error
	-- message format when an error occurs
	local res = { xpcall(fn,stacktrace,...) }
	if not res[1] then
		log('fatal', res[2])
	end
	return table.unpack(res)
end




local ok, res = xpcall(dispatch, stacktrace, argv, {
	try = try, sty = sty, log = log
})

if not ok then
	log('fatal', res)
	os.exit(1)
end

os.exit(res)